Our study provides insight into how chronic stress triggers changes in the brain that are much more long-lived than the effects of existing antidepressants.

Our study provides a fundamentally new level of analysis by which we can better understand the actions of cocaine in brain-reward regions at the molecular level. It also points to new potential treatments for addiction.

One of the cardinal features of addiction is how long-lived it is, ... A key question in the field has been: By what mechanisms do drugs of abuse cause changes in the brain that last this long?

Without BDNF in the circuit, an animal can't learn that a social stimulus is threatening and respond appropriately.

The challenge is to find a way to inhibit BDNF signaling within the reward pathway specifically. The many genes we show that are regulated by BDNF or antidepressants in this pathway may provide clues.

Removal of BDNF before bullying, or treatment with antidepressants after bullying, both removed the behavioral abnormality observed.