El paraguas individual es la imágen favorita de mi padre cuando quiere caracterizar el tiempo en que cada uno vivía sólo para sí y para su familia. Hay un cuadro del siglo XIX que representa una multitud bajo la lluvia, donde cada cual mantiene su paraguas por encima de su cabeza y la de su esposa, y obsequia a su vecino con las gotas que chorrean de aquél. Dice mi padre que ese cuadro debió ser para el artista una especie de sátira de aquellos tiempos.

Human history, like all great movements, was cyclical, and returned to the point of beginning. The idea of indefinite progress in a right line was a chimera of the imagination, with no analogue in nature. The parabola of a comet was perhaps a yet better illustration of the career of humanity. Tending upward and sunward from the aphelion of barbarism, the race attained the perihelion of civilization only to plunge downward once more to its nether goal in the regions of chaos.

Who is capable of self-support?” he demanded. “There is no such thing in a civilized society as self-support. In a state of society so barbarous as not even to know family cooperation, each individual may possibly support himself, though even then for a part of his life only; but from the moment that men begin to live together, and constitute even the rudest sort of society, self-support becomes

They were not serving the public interest, but their immediate personal interest, and it was nothing to them what the ultimate effect of their course on the general prosperity might be, if but they increased their own hoard, for these goods were their own, and the more they sold and the more they got for them, the greater their gain. The more wasteful the people were, the more articles they did not want which they could be induced to buy, the better for these sellers.

Wretched men, I was moved to cry, who, because they will not learn to be helpers of one another, are doomed to be beggars of one another from the least to the greatest!

Cada uno, sin dejar de andar, se volvía para escuchar el fantasma de la incertidumbre, que murmuraba a su oído: - Trabaja cuanto puedas, amigo mío; levántate temprano y no descanses hasta bien entrada la noche, robes con habilidad o sirvas fielmente, jamás llegarás a conocer la seguridad! Rico hoy, mañana puedes volver a ser poblre. En vano dejarás millones a tus hijos, jamás podrás estar seguro de que tu hijo no llegará a ser el criado de tu criado, o que tu hija no tenga que venderse por un trozo de pan -