When Congress exercises the powers delegated to it by the Constitution, it may impose affirmative obligations on executive and judicial officers of state and local governments as well as ordinary citizens.

We hold that an employer is vicariously liable for actionable discrimination caused by a supervisor, but subject to an affirmative defense looking to the reasonableness of the employer's conduct as well as that of a plaintiff victim.

There is a danger to judicial independence when people have no understanding of how the judiciary fits into the constitutional scheme.

The Congress, the executive branch, and our fellow citizens have done an enormous amount to support our troopers and their loved ones. And all of us are grateful for that.

Over the course of 19 years on the Supreme Court, I learned some lessons about the Constitution of the United States.

Congress has the power to legislate with regard to activity that, in the aggregate, has a substantial effect on interstate commerce.