Unlike the phone system, which is engineered around an application, the Internet layered model allows you to, in essence, separate applications from infrastructure.

So as I look at transitioning to the communication platforms of the future, I see that the beauty of Internet protocols is you get the separation of the layers between service and technology.

In essence, Chrome OS is the GNU/Linux operating system. However, it is delivered without the usual applications, and rigged up to impede and discourage installing applications.

What we have here is a system of separate colleges, and separate in this case is inherently unequal.

The ultimate model that will emerge is going to be one that is a layered authentication approach. You will have risk-based authentication and forms of passive authentication, but, for certain segments of users and certain types of transactions that may be high-risk or high-value, there will be a need for strong credentials like one-time-password tokens.

The Internet is a telephone system that's gotten uppity.