This changes how we think about evolution and, in some respects, disease. That's the part that's exciting.

If you think of the genome as the book of life, then the differences people have been looking at over the past 10 years have been typographical errors. But what we are looking at are redundancies in the text -- places where entire pages [genes] have been reprinted multiple times, or the page is missing.

There's no smoking gun in this study. The answers are all in there — but we're just not smart enough to figure them out yet.

That gene went through a selective sweep.

Very often the animal models that exist for a particular disease really don't authentically replicate what's going on in a human. So if we have a treatment for mice, we don't know if that will translate to treatment for humans.

Mass spectrometry is one of the most sensitive methods for finding drugs, chemicals, pollutants and disease, but the problem is that you have to extract a sample and treat that sample before you can analyze it.