Some of it is outright illegal behavior, but most of it is subtle. It makes women feel undervalued and not respected.

cultural issues that manifest in the behavior of individuals and the policies of institutions because these factors make a difference and can be changed.

There is still a lot of covert and overt hostility toward women

A major focus of it for me has been bringing women and minorities into science and finding ways to teach that don't exclude them.

We've been able to target real barriers and roadblocks to women's careers, and we've launched interventions to see which ones make a difference.

The fact that the National Academies is recognizing the efforts of teachers and mentors is indicative of how much importance they are placing on national higher education.